2011年1月29日 星期六
2011年1月13日 星期四
2011年1月8日 星期六
Assignments for the Winter
1. 專題至問卷調查止(?)--Lily規定的並發完問卷&統計 (動作比較慢的組別，可以利用寒假先寫；因為99-2開學後一個月內會完成整篇paper)
今年比賽提前，寒假完後即交稿；所以預定參與比賽的組別，請於寒假前告知Chris，寒假完成paper及修改事宜) 規則在此
2. 雜誌
3. 遠東 B5 & 字彙
4. 3篇小說心得及評論 (表格在Moodle的99-1 English; 並上傳至同一地方)
PS. Grace老師那篇可以再修改更美
今年比賽提前，寒假完後即交稿；所以預定參與比賽的組別，請於寒假前告知Chris，寒假完成paper及修改事宜) 規則在此
2. 雜誌
3. 遠東 B5 & 字彙
4. 3篇小說心得及評論 (表格在Moodle的99-1 English; 並上傳至同一地方)
PS. Grace老師那篇可以再修改更美
2011年1月6日 星期四
以文會友
辦理單位：台南高商外語群科中心
活動辦法：
一、download 英文讀書心得空白表格
二、根據導讀資料完成電子檔130~500字英文讀書心得及完成同學互評欄位。儲存檔名為校名+班級+姓名，如士林高商應外二11張小美。所有學生作品需包含同學互評部分（以回應同學的心得、文章故事的看法為主，而非評論同學作品的優缺點），同學互評可使用中文或英文。
三、請至士商網頁公告區下載空白讀書心得檔案
四、獎勵及獎狀給予如下：
書目 獎勵 獎狀
All I Want 優作第一名 3名佳作
A Single Shard 優作第一名 3名佳作
The Testament 優作第一名 3名佳作
但繳交作品（電子檔案）時，還是得請老師將每本書的３名優作和２名佳作作品標示清楚
另外，老師要給予評語
所有同學的作品都要有互評
書林書局辦理的英文讀書心得比賽,第一名獎金高達10,000元,若同學有興趣,也可報名參加,
活動辦法：
一、download 英文讀書心得空白表格
二、根據導讀資料完成電子檔130~500字英文讀書心得及完成同學互評欄位。儲存檔名為校名+班級+姓名，如士林高商應外二11張小美。所有學生作品需包含同學互評部分（以回應同學的心得、文章故事的看法為主，而非評論同學作品的優缺點），同學互評可使用中文或英文。
三、請至士商網頁公告區下載空白讀書心得檔案
四、獎勵及獎狀給予如下：
書目 獎勵 獎狀
All I Want 優作第一名 3名佳作
A Single Shard 優作第一名 3名佳作
The Testament 優作第一名 3名佳作
但繳交作品（電子檔案）時，還是得請老師將每本書的３名優作和２名佳作作品標示清楚
另外，老師要給予評語
所有同學的作品都要有互評
書林書局辦理的英文讀書心得比賽,第一名獎金高達10,000元,若同學有興趣,也可報名參加,
2011年1月2日 星期日
L10 Patents
課文翻譯與重點分析
1. Your first step, if you are smart, is to get a patent.（見第3行）
(1) N + is to V ....
例：Her job is to take care of the bedridden patients.
文法／句型
be動詞 + 不定詞 的使用時機：
A. 計畫與安排好的事
例：The two presidents are to meet next month.
B. 先決條件
例：If we are to qualify for the final in the tournament, we have to win our next eight games.
C. 命令
例：You are to brush your teeth before going to bed.
2. Patents are agreements between inventors and the government, giving inventors ownership of their creations for a certain amount of time.（見第5行）
(1) giving inventors ... 分詞構句
= and give inventors ...
(2) a + certain/large/small ... + amount of + 不可數名詞
= certain/large/small ... + amounts of + 不可數名詞 一定量的／大量的／少量的……
文法／句型 常用的量詞片語：
A. 接可數名詞:
a few
hundreds/thousands ... of
B. 接不可數名詞:
a little
a large/small ... amount of (= large/small ... amounts of)
a good/great deal of
C.接可數/不可數名詞:
a lot of (= lots of )
a large/small ... quantity of (= large/small ... quantities of )
a large/small ... number of (= large/small... numbers of )
plenty of
3. Patents allow a person to own an idea for an invention.（見第7行）
(1)人 + allow someone + to V ... 人允許某人……；人讓某人……
事／物 + allow someone + to V ... 事／物使某人能……
例：My sister doesn't allow me to use her laptop.
This Internet answering machine allows you to receive, listen to, and even answer phone calls while you're online.
4. Some examples are the electric light, which was patented by Thomas Edison in 1870, the medicine aspirin, which was patented by Felix Hoffmann in 1899, and the rubber band, patented by Stephen Perry in 1845.（見第13行）
(1) 皆為形容詞子句（非限定），patented by Stephen Perry in 1845省略which was
5. Things that are not as common have also been patented, such as special motors, gears, and machinery used in the manufacturing setting.（見第16行）形容詞子句(修飾things)
(1) that are not as common
= that are not as common as the electric light, the rubber band, or aspirin
6. Strangely enough, living things can also be patented.（見第20行）
(1)living adj. 活著的（置於名詞前）
alive adj. 活著的（不置於名詞前，只可作述語或補語用放在be, seem, look, get, become, find等動詞後）
例：Countless species of living creatures are dying due to global warming.
A dog was found alive in the rubble.
7. In fact, most patents are for improvements on existing technology, not wholly new items.（見第28行）
(1) improvement n. [C, U] 進步；改善之處；比以前進步的事物
表「某物較另一物更進步」，介系詞on
表「在某方面」，介系詞in
例：There has been a great deal of improvement in their relationship.
This device is a great improvement on its earlier models.
= This device is much better than its earlier models.
(2) existing adj. 現在的；現存的（置於名詞前）
例：Besides working with its existing customers, the company needs to find new ones as well.
8. But it was a new idea to combine them into one machine.（見第33行）
(1) combine A into B 把A組合成B
combine A with/and B 使A和B結合；兼顧
例：Janice is able to combine her career and her family responsibilities successfully.
9. If you spend a lot of time and effort inventing a new machine or procedure, then you should be able to benefit from it financially.（見第39行）
(1) spend time/money V-ing 花時間／金錢做……
(2) benefit v. [T, I] 獲益；有益於
人 + benefit from something/by V-ing ...人從某事當中受惠／藉由從事……而受惠
物 + benefit someone某事物對某人有益
例：Many families will benefit from the new tax policy.
What you did will indeed benefit yourself, and your family as well.
10. You shouldn't do the work and then have someone make money out of your idea.（見第42行）
(1) have + 受詞 + V ... 使役動詞，接原形動詞，受詞表主動
例：David had his secretary make coffee for him.
have something. + p.p. 接過去分詞，受詞表被動
例：I'll have my hair permed before the party.（請人為我燙髮）
(2) make money out of your idea = make money from your idea
11. Besides, patents help to share ideas and technological information with other inventors and researchers. （見第43行）
(1) share something with someone 和某人分享、共用某物
例：Since my house is small, I have to share one room with my two brothers.
12. Finally, companies, especially large companies like IBM, Samsung, and Sony, can make a lot of money by holding patents on certain inventions and charging other companies money called royalties to use their ideas.（見第48行）
(1) hold v. [T] 持有
例：Applicants for this job are required to hold a teaching certificate.
(2) patents on/for something 某物的專利權
例：We cannot get a patent on a naturally occurring organism.
Harvard University applied for a patent for a genetically altered mouse.
(3) called royalties前面省略了which is = ...money which is called royalties...
13. After an inventor finishes creating a new machine or process, the next step is to fill out patent paperwork.（見第53行）
(1) finish + V-ing 完成……
例：Have you finished writing your term paper?
(2) fill out the form = fill in the form
14. Usually this type of work is done by a patent attorney, a lawyer who specializes in patents.（見第56行）
(1) 頻率副詞的位置可在句首、句末、助動詞和be動詞之後、一般動詞之前。
文法／句型
頻率副詞：never、seldom、rarely、occasionally、sometimes、frequently、often、normally、usually、ever、always
其中always、ever、rarely、seldom、never不用於句首或句末，但有兩種情況例外：
A. 當always和never用於祈使句時
Always be honest to your spouse.
Never make the same mistake twice.
B. 當rarely、seldom、never用於倒裝句時（較為正式）
Rarely does she have a chance to socialize with people because of her busy job.
Seldom does Edmond eat out; he loves cooking for himself.
Never would I choose to do something knowing that it would hurt my family.
(2) a lawyer who specializes in patents是a patent attorney的同位語。
15. Patent attorneys can be very expensive, but they are almost always necessary because they make sure the patents are filed correctly and do not copy previously patented work.（見第58行）
(1) make sure (that) + 子句
make sure of + N
例：Make sure of the safety procedures before you operate the machine.
16. It usually costs US$645 to file a registration, though it can be higher in some cases. （見第65行）
(1) though conj. 但是（= but）
例：I have to pick up an important client at the airport tomorrow, though I don't know what he looks like.
(2) in some cases = in some situations在某些事例上
17. Once the patent process is completed, an inventor's idea still may not be completely protected.（見第70行）
(1)once conj. 一旦 (= as soon as)
18. Unless patents are applied for in other countries as well, there is nothing to stop imitators around the world from copying that idea.（見第73行）
(1) unless conj. 除非 (= if ... not)
例：Unless you apologize first, Phoebe will never make up with you.
= If you don't apologize first, Phoebe will never make up with you.
(2) as well 也，置於句尾
例：I've collected all of the singer's albums and I've also collected his posters.
= I've collected all of the singer's albums and his posters as well/too.
VOCABULARY
2. patent adj. 有專利的；專利權的
file/apply for/take out a patent 提出／申請／得到專利權
a patent on/for something 某物的專利權
patent office 專利局
例：The company took out a patent on a robotic vacuum cleaner.
3. disagreement n. [C, U] 意見不一致
disagree v. [I] 不同意
come to/reach/work out an agreement 達成協議
agree with somebody about/on something 同意某人某事
I couldn't agree more. 我非常同意。
例：Phil came to an agreement with his clients.
4. joint/private/public ownership 共有權／私有權／公眾所有權
membership 會員資格
professorship 教授的職位
statesmanship 政治手腕
5. create v. [T] 創造
creator n. [C] 創造者；創作者
creative adj. 創作的；有創造力的
creativity n. [U] 創造力
creature n. [C] 生物
create a sensation/bad feeling 造成轟動／引起反感
All men are created equal. 人人生而平等。
例：Charles M. Schulz was the creator of Snoopy.
The creative songwriter displayed creativity in his songs.
Whales are the greatest creatures ever to inhabit the sea.
6. state n. [C] 狀態
statement n. [C] 聲明
in a ... state 在……的狀況
make/give/issue a statement 提出聲明
a statement on/about 關於……的聲明
例：She was in a confused state and couldn't make any decision.
The president of the U.S. made a statement on the bombings in Iraq.
statement 聲明：以口頭或書面傳達訊息或意見，通常用在正式情況。
例：the statement made by the government spokesperson
declaration 宣告：相當正式的聲明，特別是宣告某種目的、信念或情感。
例：the declaration of war
announcement 宣布，公告：以口頭或書面告知訊息。
例：announcement of a death in the newspaper
8.composed adj. 沉著的
composedly adv. 沉著地
composure n. [U] 沉著冷靜
be composed of = be made up of = consist of 由……組成的
compose oneself 鎮靜
keep/maintain/lose one's composure 保持／失去鎮定
例：The committee is largely composed/made up of educational specialists.
When the fire broke out, Ashley quickly composed herself and helped her children out of the house.
Ashley maintains great composure when faced with a crisis.
10. electric adj. 需要用到電的；產生電的
electrical adj. 跟電有關的
兩個意思不同，但也有兩者皆可的情形，
例：electric/electrical current（電流） electric/electrical shock（觸電）
electronic adj. 電子的
11. machinery n. [U] 機器（量詞用a piece of）
mechanic n. [C] 技工
mechanics n. [U] 機械學
agricultural/farm/industrial machinery 農業／工業機具
answering/coffee/washing/sewing/fax machine 電話答錄機／咖啡機／洗衣機／裁縫機／傳真機
automatic teller machine (ATM) 自動提款機
例：My car broke down so I need a mechanic to fix it.
Karl took a course in mechanics.
13. raise/address/resolve an issue 提出／處理／解決問題
a(n) major/thorny issue 重要的／棘手的問題
take issue with somebody over/on something 和某人在某事上持不同的意見
at issue 爭議中待解決的
例：The union took issue with the company over the pay cut.
What is at issue is whether teachers have the right to strike.
15. on the whole 大體而言
as a whole 就全體來看
the whole of something 全部的……
例：On the whole, the singer's debut concert was pretty good.
The class as a whole is working harder.
17. financial crisis/difficulty 金融危機／財務困難
financial adviser 理財顧問
finance department 財務部門
18. district attorney 地方檢察官；檢察官
defense attorney 辯護律師
21. stimulating adj. 刺激性的；令人興奮的
stimulant n. [C] 興奮劑；刺激
stimulus n. [C] (pl. stimuli) 激勵；鼓舞；刺激
例：She found her new working environment challenging and stimulating.
Coffee and cola contain caffeine, a stimulant that can boost your energy.
Tourism has been a stimulant/stimulus to the island's economic development.
22. charge v. [T, I] 充電；指控 n. [C] 充電；責任；指控
be charged with (a crime) 被控有……罪
free of charge 免費 (= without charge)
service/admission charge 服務費／入場費
in charge of 負責照料
take charge of 負責管理
in/under one's charge 由……照料
例：The man was charged with murdering his girlfriend.
Nancy is in charge of the personnel department.
My sister asked me to take charge of her dog while she was away on vacation.
25. to complicate matters further 使事情更棘手，雪上加霜
develop complications 產生併發症
例：We missed the last train, and to complicate matters further, all the hotels were booked.
The patient is under strict supervision to reduce the risk of developing complications.
26.specialized adj. 專門的；特殊的
specialty n. [C] 專長
specialized knowledge/training/care 專門知識／訓練／照顧
例：The doctor's specialty is in brain surgery.
27. file v. [T] 歸檔 n. [C] 檔案；文件夾；卷宗
an attached file 附加檔案
keep something on files 將……彙存
例：These books will be filed alphabetically by title.
The secretary kept the letters on files.
29. reviewer n. [C] 書評人；戲評人；影評人
come up for review 提出受到審查
judicial review 司法審查
例：This movie has been praised by many reviewers.
All of the applications will come up for review next week.
30. submit oneself to 屈服於……；順從……（= give in to）
in submission to 受制於……；服從於……
例：He submitted himself to questioning by the local police.
In submission to protest, the local government had no choice but to postpone building the landfill.
31. register n. [C] 註冊；登記；登記簿
to register a company/trademark 營利事業登記／商標登記
registry office 戶籍登記處
family register 戶口名簿
(Br) registered post = (Am) certified mail 掛號郵件
cash register 收銀機
例：I'm going to the local registry office to register my marriage.
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
1. strangely enough = curiously/oddly enough
bad enough 已經夠糟了
hard/difficult enough 已經夠辛苦了
lucky/fortunate enough to 夠幸運可以……
例：Maggie doesn't play sports, but curiously enough, she loves watching them on TV.
It was bad enough that I overslept this morning, and then I left my wallet at home.
Life is hard/difficult enough for Betty apart from her getting fired.
I probably won't get the job, but I hope I am fortunate enough to get an interview.
1. Your first step, if you are smart, is to get a patent.（見第3行）
(1) N + is to V ....
例：Her job is to take care of the bedridden patients.
文法／句型
be動詞 + 不定詞 的使用時機：
A. 計畫與安排好的事
例：The two presidents are to meet next month.
B. 先決條件
例：If we are to qualify for the final in the tournament, we have to win our next eight games.
C. 命令
例：You are to brush your teeth before going to bed.
2. Patents are agreements between inventors and the government, giving inventors ownership of their creations for a certain amount of time.（見第5行）
(1) giving inventors ... 分詞構句
= and give inventors ...
(2) a + certain/large/small ... + amount of + 不可數名詞
= certain/large/small ... + amounts of + 不可數名詞 一定量的／大量的／少量的……
文法／句型 常用的量詞片語：
A. 接可數名詞:
a few
hundreds/thousands ... of
B. 接不可數名詞:
a little
a large/small ... amount of (= large/small ... amounts of)
a good/great deal of
C.接可數/不可數名詞:
a lot of (= lots of )
a large/small ... quantity of (= large/small ... quantities of )
a large/small ... number of (= large/small... numbers of )
plenty of
3. Patents allow a person to own an idea for an invention.（見第7行）
(1)人 + allow someone + to V ... 人允許某人……；人讓某人……
事／物 + allow someone + to V ... 事／物使某人能……
例：My sister doesn't allow me to use her laptop.
This Internet answering machine allows you to receive, listen to, and even answer phone calls while you're online.
4. Some examples are the electric light, which was patented by Thomas Edison in 1870, the medicine aspirin, which was patented by Felix Hoffmann in 1899, and the rubber band, patented by Stephen Perry in 1845.（見第13行）
(1) 皆為形容詞子句（非限定），patented by Stephen Perry in 1845省略which was
5. Things that are not as common have also been patented, such as special motors, gears, and machinery used in the manufacturing setting.（見第16行）形容詞子句(修飾things)
(1) that are not as common
= that are not as common as the electric light, the rubber band, or aspirin
6. Strangely enough, living things can also be patented.（見第20行）
(1)living adj. 活著的（置於名詞前）
alive adj. 活著的（不置於名詞前，只可作述語或補語用放在be, seem, look, get, become, find等動詞後）
例：Countless species of living creatures are dying due to global warming.
A dog was found alive in the rubble.
7. In fact, most patents are for improvements on existing technology, not wholly new items.（見第28行）
(1) improvement n. [C, U] 進步；改善之處；比以前進步的事物
表「某物較另一物更進步」，介系詞on
表「在某方面」，介系詞in
例：There has been a great deal of improvement in their relationship.
This device is a great improvement on its earlier models.
= This device is much better than its earlier models.
(2) existing adj. 現在的；現存的（置於名詞前）
例：Besides working with its existing customers, the company needs to find new ones as well.
8. But it was a new idea to combine them into one machine.（見第33行）
(1) combine A into B 把A組合成B
combine A with/and B 使A和B結合；兼顧
例：Janice is able to combine her career and her family responsibilities successfully.
9. If you spend a lot of time and effort inventing a new machine or procedure, then you should be able to benefit from it financially.（見第39行）
(1) spend time/money V-ing 花時間／金錢做……
(2) benefit v. [T, I] 獲益；有益於
人 + benefit from something/by V-ing ...人從某事當中受惠／藉由從事……而受惠
物 + benefit someone某事物對某人有益
例：Many families will benefit from the new tax policy.
What you did will indeed benefit yourself, and your family as well.
10. You shouldn't do the work and then have someone make money out of your idea.（見第42行）
(1) have + 受詞 + V ... 使役動詞，接原形動詞，受詞表主動
例：David had his secretary make coffee for him.
have something. + p.p. 接過去分詞，受詞表被動
例：I'll have my hair permed before the party.（請人為我燙髮）
(2) make money out of your idea = make money from your idea
11. Besides, patents help to share ideas and technological information with other inventors and researchers. （見第43行）
(1) share something with someone 和某人分享、共用某物
例：Since my house is small, I have to share one room with my two brothers.
12. Finally, companies, especially large companies like IBM, Samsung, and Sony, can make a lot of money by holding patents on certain inventions and charging other companies money called royalties to use their ideas.（見第48行）
(1) hold v. [T] 持有
例：Applicants for this job are required to hold a teaching certificate.
(2) patents on/for something 某物的專利權
例：We cannot get a patent on a naturally occurring organism.
Harvard University applied for a patent for a genetically altered mouse.
(3) called royalties前面省略了which is = ...money which is called royalties...
13. After an inventor finishes creating a new machine or process, the next step is to fill out patent paperwork.（見第53行）
(1) finish + V-ing 完成……
例：Have you finished writing your term paper?
(2) fill out the form = fill in the form
14. Usually this type of work is done by a patent attorney, a lawyer who specializes in patents.（見第56行）
(1) 頻率副詞的位置可在句首、句末、助動詞和be動詞之後、一般動詞之前。
文法／句型
頻率副詞：never、seldom、rarely、occasionally、sometimes、frequently、often、normally、usually、ever、always
其中always、ever、rarely、seldom、never不用於句首或句末，但有兩種情況例外：
A. 當always和never用於祈使句時
Always be honest to your spouse.
Never make the same mistake twice.
B. 當rarely、seldom、never用於倒裝句時（較為正式）
Rarely does she have a chance to socialize with people because of her busy job.
Seldom does Edmond eat out; he loves cooking for himself.
Never would I choose to do something knowing that it would hurt my family.
(2) a lawyer who specializes in patents是a patent attorney的同位語。
15. Patent attorneys can be very expensive, but they are almost always necessary because they make sure the patents are filed correctly and do not copy previously patented work.（見第58行）
(1) make sure (that) + 子句
make sure of + N
例：Make sure of the safety procedures before you operate the machine.
16. It usually costs US$645 to file a registration, though it can be higher in some cases. （見第65行）
(1) though conj. 但是（= but）
例：I have to pick up an important client at the airport tomorrow, though I don't know what he looks like.
(2) in some cases = in some situations在某些事例上
17. Once the patent process is completed, an inventor's idea still may not be completely protected.（見第70行）
(1)once conj. 一旦 (= as soon as)
18. Unless patents are applied for in other countries as well, there is nothing to stop imitators around the world from copying that idea.（見第73行）
(1) unless conj. 除非 (= if ... not)
例：Unless you apologize first, Phoebe will never make up with you.
= If you don't apologize first, Phoebe will never make up with you.
(2) as well 也，置於句尾
例：I've collected all of the singer's albums and I've also collected his posters.
= I've collected all of the singer's albums and his posters as well/too.
VOCABULARY
2. patent adj. 有專利的；專利權的
file/apply for/take out a patent 提出／申請／得到專利權
a patent on/for something 某物的專利權
patent office 專利局
例：The company took out a patent on a robotic vacuum cleaner.
3. disagreement n. [C, U] 意見不一致
disagree v. [I] 不同意
come to/reach/work out an agreement 達成協議
agree with somebody about/on something 同意某人某事
I couldn't agree more. 我非常同意。
例：Phil came to an agreement with his clients.
4. joint/private/public ownership 共有權／私有權／公眾所有權
membership 會員資格
professorship 教授的職位
statesmanship 政治手腕
5. create v. [T] 創造
creator n. [C] 創造者；創作者
creative adj. 創作的；有創造力的
creativity n. [U] 創造力
creature n. [C] 生物
create a sensation/bad feeling 造成轟動／引起反感
All men are created equal. 人人生而平等。
例：Charles M. Schulz was the creator of Snoopy.
The creative songwriter displayed creativity in his songs.
Whales are the greatest creatures ever to inhabit the sea.
6. state n. [C] 狀態
statement n. [C] 聲明
in a ... state 在……的狀況
make/give/issue a statement 提出聲明
a statement on/about 關於……的聲明
例：She was in a confused state and couldn't make any decision.
The president of the U.S. made a statement on the bombings in Iraq.
statement 聲明：以口頭或書面傳達訊息或意見，通常用在正式情況。
例：the statement made by the government spokesperson
declaration 宣告：相當正式的聲明，特別是宣告某種目的、信念或情感。
例：the declaration of war
announcement 宣布，公告：以口頭或書面告知訊息。
例：announcement of a death in the newspaper
8.composed adj. 沉著的
composedly adv. 沉著地
composure n. [U] 沉著冷靜
be composed of = be made up of = consist of 由……組成的
compose oneself 鎮靜
keep/maintain/lose one's composure 保持／失去鎮定
例：The committee is largely composed/made up of educational specialists.
When the fire broke out, Ashley quickly composed herself and helped her children out of the house.
Ashley maintains great composure when faced with a crisis.
10. electric adj. 需要用到電的；產生電的
electrical adj. 跟電有關的
兩個意思不同，但也有兩者皆可的情形，
例：electric/electrical current（電流） electric/electrical shock（觸電）
electronic adj. 電子的
11. machinery n. [U] 機器（量詞用a piece of）
mechanic n. [C] 技工
mechanics n. [U] 機械學
agricultural/farm/industrial machinery 農業／工業機具
answering/coffee/washing/sewing/fax machine 電話答錄機／咖啡機／洗衣機／裁縫機／傳真機
automatic teller machine (ATM) 自動提款機
例：My car broke down so I need a mechanic to fix it.
Karl took a course in mechanics.
13. raise/address/resolve an issue 提出／處理／解決問題
a(n) major/thorny issue 重要的／棘手的問題
take issue with somebody over/on something 和某人在某事上持不同的意見
at issue 爭議中待解決的
例：The union took issue with the company over the pay cut.
What is at issue is whether teachers have the right to strike.
15. on the whole 大體而言
as a whole 就全體來看
the whole of something 全部的……
例：On the whole, the singer's debut concert was pretty good.
The class as a whole is working harder.
17. financial crisis/difficulty 金融危機／財務困難
financial adviser 理財顧問
finance department 財務部門
18. district attorney 地方檢察官；檢察官
defense attorney 辯護律師
21. stimulating adj. 刺激性的；令人興奮的
stimulant n. [C] 興奮劑；刺激
stimulus n. [C] (pl. stimuli) 激勵；鼓舞；刺激
例：She found her new working environment challenging and stimulating.
Coffee and cola contain caffeine, a stimulant that can boost your energy.
Tourism has been a stimulant/stimulus to the island's economic development.
22. charge v. [T, I] 充電；指控 n. [C] 充電；責任；指控
be charged with (a crime) 被控有……罪
free of charge 免費 (= without charge)
service/admission charge 服務費／入場費
in charge of 負責照料
take charge of 負責管理
in/under one's charge 由……照料
例：The man was charged with murdering his girlfriend.
Nancy is in charge of the personnel department.
My sister asked me to take charge of her dog while she was away on vacation.
25. to complicate matters further 使事情更棘手，雪上加霜
develop complications 產生併發症
例：We missed the last train, and to complicate matters further, all the hotels were booked.
The patient is under strict supervision to reduce the risk of developing complications.
26.specialized adj. 專門的；特殊的
specialty n. [C] 專長
specialized knowledge/training/care 專門知識／訓練／照顧
例：The doctor's specialty is in brain surgery.
27. file v. [T] 歸檔 n. [C] 檔案；文件夾；卷宗
an attached file 附加檔案
keep something on files 將……彙存
例：These books will be filed alphabetically by title.
The secretary kept the letters on files.
29. reviewer n. [C] 書評人；戲評人；影評人
come up for review 提出受到審查
judicial review 司法審查
例：This movie has been praised by many reviewers.
All of the applications will come up for review next week.
30. submit oneself to 屈服於……；順從……（= give in to）
in submission to 受制於……；服從於……
例：He submitted himself to questioning by the local police.
In submission to protest, the local government had no choice but to postpone building the landfill.
31. register n. [C] 註冊；登記；登記簿
to register a company/trademark 營利事業登記／商標登記
registry office 戶籍登記處
family register 戶口名簿
(Br) registered post = (Am) certified mail 掛號郵件
cash register 收銀機
例：I'm going to the local registry office to register my marriage.
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
1. strangely enough = curiously/oddly enough
bad enough 已經夠糟了
hard/difficult enough 已經夠辛苦了
lucky/fortunate enough to 夠幸運可以……
例：Maggie doesn't play sports, but curiously enough, she loves watching them on TV.
It was bad enough that I overslept this morning, and then I left my wallet at home.
Life is hard/difficult enough for Betty apart from her getting fired.
I probably won't get the job, but I hope I am fortunate enough to get an interview.
2010年12月22日 星期三
哈佛的難題! 也是我們的難題!
作者：李雪莉、彭昱融 出處：天下雜誌 410期 2008/11
哈佛的難題：聰明、會考試，卻不會問問題
十月初，哈佛大學一項學生學習成效調查結果，在哈佛教授間投下了一顆震撼彈。哈佛大學伯克教學中心（Derek Bok Center for Teaching and Learning）針對二十門課的教授、四百位學生，分別調查老師與學生是否掌握課堂「核心概念」（Big Idea）？跌破教授眼鏡的是，只有不到三成的學生，抓到教授在那門課想傳達的核心概念。
哈佛發現，即便是聰明又會考試的全美資優生，也經常帶著偏見的知識前來學習。他們很會考試但不會問好問題，他們習慣被動學習，導致學習成效很差。
哈佛的難題：聰明、會考試，卻不會問問題
十月初，哈佛大學一項學生學習成效調查結果，在哈佛教授間投下了一顆震撼彈。哈佛大學伯克教學中心（Derek Bok Center for Teaching and Learning）針對二十門課的教授、四百位學生，分別調查老師與學生是否掌握課堂「核心概念」（Big Idea）？跌破教授眼鏡的是，只有不到三成的學生，抓到教授在那門課想傳達的核心概念。
哈佛發現，即便是聰明又會考試的全美資優生，也經常帶著偏見的知識前來學習。他們很會考試但不會問好問題，他們習慣被動學習，導致學習成效很差。
當我們更重視學生如何得到答案，而非答案本身的時候，會發現學生的思考或邏輯不夠好，求知、探尋問題的技巧其實相當糟。
2010年12月19日 星期日
L9 Robert Frost and His Poems
課文翻譯與重點分析
1. Robert Frost (1874-1963) is probably the best-known American poet of the twentieth century.（見第1行）
(1) well-known = famous
better-known = more famous
best-known = most famous
文法／句型
be famous/well-known for something因（某成就）有名
be famous/well-known as somebody/something 因（某職稱、身份）有名
be famous/well-known to somebody 為（某人）所知
例：She is famous for her talents as a painter.
Taiwan is well-known as a beautiful island.
The pop singer is well-known to teenagers.
2. For nearly half a century he was the unofficial poet laureate of America, and his poems have been widely read around the world.（見第7行）
(1) widely adv. 廣泛地
例：Chopsticks are widely used in Asian countries.
3. ..., he used to sit in his mother's classroom and memorize long passages of prose and poetry, and thus grew to love language and literature.（見第17行）
(1) used to V 過去一向，過去習慣於
例：There used to be several pubs on the street, but they closed down one after another.
(2) thus = in this way
(3) grew to love language and literature
= came to love language and literature gradually
grow v.逐漸變得
4. ..., but it was not until his stay in England from 1912 to 1915 that he gained public recognition as a poet.（見第19行）
(1) stay n. 短暫的停留，暫時居住
例：I hope you will enjoy your stay in our hotel.
(2) gained public recognition獲得公認
5. The walks that he took on his farm allowed him to observe the details of nature and the rural landscape:....（見第22行）
(1)take a walk = go for a walk 散步
例：It's enjoyable to take a walk on a quiet country lane.
6. The rural environment that Frost knew and loved also included a strong human presence.（見第27行）S V
(1) included a strong human presence 蘊含強烈的人文氣息
7. In fact, it is his awareness of man's relationship with nature that brings us some of Frost's most memorable images-images that not only move us with their serene beauty, but also inspire us by addressing universal questions of life.（見第28行）
(1) It is ... that/who .... 分裂句(強調his awareness of man's relationship with nature)
例：It was Edward who gave her a bunch of flowers.（強調送花的人Edward）
It was a bunch of flowers that Edward gave her.（強調送的東西是一束花）
分裂句動詞的單複數要根據所強調的主體而定。
例：It is the Simpsons who are going to Hawaii on vacation.
(2) memorable = unforgettable 難忘的
(3) move us with their serene beauty以寧謐之美打動我們
move v. [T] 感動；打動
例：This story has moved many people.
(4) addressing universal questions of life探討舉世皆然的人生問題
address = deal with
8. ...; his decision about which way to go becomes a metaphor for the major turning points that a person confronts in life.（見第34行）S(his~ to go) 名詞子句(作about的受詞)
(1) a metaphor for ... 為……的隱喻
(4) the major turning points that a person confronts in life一個人在生活中遭遇的重大轉捩點
9. In another poem, "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," a rider on horseback contemplates whether he should stop and enjoy the beautiful winter scenery or continue home, his dilemma reflecting the universal struggle between freedom and duty.（見第36行）
(1) stop v. [T, I] 停留（在某地）
例：I can't stop-my husband is waiting for me in the car.
(2) snowy adj. 積雪的；多雪的；似雪的
例：We were glad that Christmas morning was cold and snowy.
(3) home作為指示方向的副詞，前面不加to。
例：on the way home 在回家的路上
(4) his dilemma reflecting the universal struggle between freedom and duty分詞構句，主詞不同所以保留，此用法大都出現在較正式的文章
(5) reflecting the universal struggle between freedom and duty反映出自由與責任之間舉世皆然的掙扎
10. To his regret, the rider realizes that before he can enjoy his freedom, he must fulfill his responsibilities. （見第39行）
(1) 介系詞to後接情感名詞，表達「某個行動後產生的感受」。常寫為to one's + N 或 to the + N + of someone
例：They finally decided to get married, to the joy of their friends.
To our surprise, he won the first place in the contest.
(2) fulfill one's responsibility 達成職責；不負使命
fulfill one's obligation 履行義務
fulfill one's promise 履行諾言
例：I will fulfill my obligation to the best of my ability.
11. As we can see, common human experiences, with Frost's unique touch, are elevated to a level of profound meaning.（見第41行）
(1) touch n. [sing.]（做某事的）風格，手法
例：His unique skills gave the performance the special touch.
12. To this day, his poems continue to touch the hearts of readers everywhere.（見第43行）
(1) to this day 時至今日；到現在
例：To this day, I don't know exactly what happened to him.
(2) touch v.觸動，感動
touch one's heart 感動某人的心靈
例：The novel of Bridges of Madison County deeply touched me/touched my heart.
13. And sorry I could not travel both / And be one traveler, long I stood / And looked down one as far as I could / To where it bent in the undergrowth;（見第47行）
(1) long I stood = I stood there for a long time.
(2) look down something 沿著……往前看
14. Then took the other, as just as fair, / And having perhaps the better claim, / Because it was grassy and wanted wear;（見第51行）
(1) Then took the other = Then I took the other road. 「我又試選了另一條路。」
文法／句型
「區分兩個項目」的說法：one ... the other
「區分三個項目」的說法：one ... another ... the other
「區分四個項目」的說法： one ... another ... still another ... the other
例：Mrs. Wilson has two daughters. One is a teacher, and the other is a nurse.
My four best friends listen to different kinds of music. One likes pop songs, another likes classical music, still another loves folk music, and the other enjoys jazz.
(2) as (it was) just as fair = as this road was just as fair as the other one因這一條路也一樣美好
(3) having perhaps the better claim
= This road perhaps had a better claim than the first one.
claim n.主張；聲明擁有；有權要求
(4) wanted wear = lacked wear = was not much worn 缺乏磨損
例：The shoes showed signs of wear.
15. Though as for that, the passing there / Had worn them really about the same,（見第54行）
(1) as for 至於……
that 指前句grassy and wanted wear的狀況。
(2) passing n.（人跡的）經過
(3) really about the same = nearly the same 差不多
16. Oh, I kept the first for another day! / Yet knowing how way leads on to way, / I doubted if I should ever come back.（見第58行）
(1) doubt v.懷疑(認定事情不真的可能性較高)
例：I have no doubt that she will come.
= I believe that she will come.
17. I shall be telling this with a sigh / Somewhere ages and ages hence:（見第61行）
(1) with a sigh 帶著一聲嘆息
(2) hence在此意為from now今後
18. I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference.（見第64行）
(1) that has made all the difference 一次決定卻造成之後的重大影響
make some difference 有些差別；有些關係
make no/little difference 沒有差別；沒什麼兩樣
make a world of difference 有天壤之別
例：His effort made a world of difference to me.
19. Whose woods these are I think I know.（見第67行）
= I think I know whose woods these are.
(1) woods 樹林
20. His house is in the village though;（見第68行）
(1) though adv. 然而
21. He will not see me stopping here / To watch his woods fill up with snow.（見第69行）
(1) stop to V = stop and V 停下來而去做某事
stop V-ing 停止做某事
例：On his way home, he stopped to help an old lady cross the street.
Can you stop playing that violin? It's late.
22. My little horse must think it queer / To stop without a farmhouse near（見第71行）
(1) it指後面to stop without a farmhouse near，全句為My little horse must think it strange to stop at a place where no farmhouse is nearby.
23. Between the woods and frozen lake / The darkest evening of the year.（見第73行）
(1) frozen adj. 結冰的
VOCABULARY
I.Words for production
1. literature n. [U, C] 文學；文獻
literal adj. 照字面的；原意的
literate adj. 能讀寫的
illiterate adj. 不識字的；缺乏教育的
illiterate n. [C] 文盲
例：There is extensive literature on the subject.
A literal translation may not be close to the original meaning.
Only ten percent of the women on this island are literate.
The illiterate old man had difficulty writing his own name.
4. officially adv. 正式地；官方說法地
official residence 官邸
official statistics 官方統計數字
例：The singer was officially invited to perform at the prince's birthday party.
5. talented adj. 有天分的，有才華的
a talent contest/show 才藝競賽／才藝表演
a talent scout 星探，球探，體育探子
例：He used to be a talented baseball player, but an injury ended his career.
6. manhood 成人時期
likelihood 可能性
priesthood 神職，神職人員
sisterhood 姊妹身份；婦女運動團體
9. gain weight 增重
gain in sth. ……逐漸增加；愈來愈……
One man's loss is another man's gain. 從別人的損失中獲得好處。
例：As he grew older, he gained in confidence and charm.
12. trademark 商標
landmark 地標
birthmark 胎記
postmark 郵戳
13. present adj. 出席的；現在的n. [U] 現在；目前；[C] 禮物v. [T] 呈現
at present 目前；當今
up to the present 迄今；到目前為止
present sb. with sth. = present sth. to sb. 將（某物）呈給（某人）
例：Seeing so many people present, the boss was satisfied.
She is with her mother at present.
18. to face a dilemma (of ...) 面臨（……）兩難的局面
例：He's facing the dilemma of studying abroad or losing his girlfriend.
19. a sense of duty 責任感
on/off duty 值勤／下勤務（指護士、警察等需輪流值班的行業）
have a duty to V 有責任、義務（去做）……
例：Let's have a drink when you go off duty today.
Parents have a duty to take good care of their children.
20. irresponsible adj. 不負責任的
have a responsibility to/toward somebody 對（某人）有職責、義務
take responsibility for V-ing/N 為（某事）負責
sense of responsibility 責任感
例：It was irresponsible of the factory to allow the river to become so polluted.
I believe every individual in the team has a responsibility to the others.
Who will take responsibility for the mess now?
23. divergence n. [C, U] 分歧
divergent adj. 分歧的
diverge from 從……分出
例：There is a wide divergence of opinion on the issue.
The hunters lost track of the animal on divergent paths.
Human ancestors diverged from those of the chimpanzee between five and seven million years ago.
24. bend n. [C] 彎曲處
bendable adj. 可彎曲的
例：Many accidents have taken place at this sharp bend in the road.
Soft and bendable toys are most suitable for young children.
25. lay claim to something 聲稱擁有某物
have a claim on something 有資格擁有某物
claim damages 要求賠償損失
claim one's life 使（某人）喪命
例：The crisis arose when both countries laid claim to the island.
No matter what you are engaged in, your children have a claim on your time.
The tornado last week claimed sixteen lives.
26. wear something away 損耗；磨破
wear somebody down 使疲乏；使軟弱
wear off 消失
wear somebody out 使人累壞了
wear (something) out 損壞
例：The writing on the cover has almost (been) worn away.
The couple were apparently worn down by caring for their newborn baby.
The boy was bored with his new video game as soon as the novelty wore off.
You'll wear yourself out if you don't relax a bit.
Some parts in the machine have worn out and need to be replaced.
27. equal n. [C] 同等的人或物v. [T] 相等
equality n. [U] 平等
例：All men are created equal.
One meter equals one hundred centimeters.
The foundation is committed to racial equality.
28. tread carefully/warily/lightly/gently 謹慎地處理某事（以避免得罪任何人）
例：The government has to tread warily on sensitive racial issues.
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
1. honorary adj.（官階或學位）榮譽的
honor n. [U, C] 敬重；榮譽v. [T] 敬重
honorable adj. 高貴的；可敬重的
例：Let's fight for the honor of our country.
We are honored by your presence.
He is a man of many honorable deeds.
3. poet laureate 桂冠詩人
laureate n. [C] 接受無上榮耀封贈的人
a Nobel laureate 諾貝爾獎得主
1. Robert Frost (1874-1963) is probably the best-known American poet of the twentieth century.（見第1行）
(1) well-known = famous
better-known = more famous
best-known = most famous
文法／句型
be famous/well-known for something因（某成就）有名
be famous/well-known as somebody/something 因（某職稱、身份）有名
be famous/well-known to somebody 為（某人）所知
例：She is famous for her talents as a painter.
Taiwan is well-known as a beautiful island.
The pop singer is well-known to teenagers.
2. For nearly half a century he was the unofficial poet laureate of America, and his poems have been widely read around the world.（見第7行）
(1) widely adv. 廣泛地
例：Chopsticks are widely used in Asian countries.
3. ..., he used to sit in his mother's classroom and memorize long passages of prose and poetry, and thus grew to love language and literature.（見第17行）
(1) used to V 過去一向，過去習慣於
例：There used to be several pubs on the street, but they closed down one after another.
(2) thus = in this way
(3) grew to love language and literature
= came to love language and literature gradually
grow v.逐漸變得
4. ..., but it was not until his stay in England from 1912 to 1915 that he gained public recognition as a poet.（見第19行）
(1) stay n. 短暫的停留，暫時居住
例：I hope you will enjoy your stay in our hotel.
(2) gained public recognition獲得公認
5. The walks that he took on his farm allowed him to observe the details of nature and the rural landscape:....（見第22行）
(1)take a walk = go for a walk 散步
例：It's enjoyable to take a walk on a quiet country lane.
6. The rural environment that Frost knew and loved also included a strong human presence.（見第27行）S V
(1) included a strong human presence 蘊含強烈的人文氣息
7. In fact, it is his awareness of man's relationship with nature that brings us some of Frost's most memorable images-images that not only move us with their serene beauty, but also inspire us by addressing universal questions of life.（見第28行）
(1) It is ... that/who .... 分裂句(強調his awareness of man's relationship with nature)
例：It was Edward who gave her a bunch of flowers.（強調送花的人Edward）
It was a bunch of flowers that Edward gave her.（強調送的東西是一束花）
分裂句動詞的單複數要根據所強調的主體而定。
例：It is the Simpsons who are going to Hawaii on vacation.
(2) memorable = unforgettable 難忘的
(3) move us with their serene beauty以寧謐之美打動我們
move v. [T] 感動；打動
例：This story has moved many people.
(4) addressing universal questions of life探討舉世皆然的人生問題
address = deal with
8. ...; his decision about which way to go becomes a metaphor for the major turning points that a person confronts in life.（見第34行）S(his~ to go) 名詞子句(作about的受詞)
(1) a metaphor for ... 為……的隱喻
(4) the major turning points that a person confronts in life一個人在生活中遭遇的重大轉捩點
9. In another poem, "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," a rider on horseback contemplates whether he should stop and enjoy the beautiful winter scenery or continue home, his dilemma reflecting the universal struggle between freedom and duty.（見第36行）
(1) stop v. [T, I] 停留（在某地）
例：I can't stop-my husband is waiting for me in the car.
(2) snowy adj. 積雪的；多雪的；似雪的
例：We were glad that Christmas morning was cold and snowy.
(3) home作為指示方向的副詞，前面不加to。
例：on the way home 在回家的路上
(4) his dilemma reflecting the universal struggle between freedom and duty分詞構句，主詞不同所以保留，此用法大都出現在較正式的文章
(5) reflecting the universal struggle between freedom and duty反映出自由與責任之間舉世皆然的掙扎
10. To his regret, the rider realizes that before he can enjoy his freedom, he must fulfill his responsibilities. （見第39行）
(1) 介系詞to後接情感名詞，表達「某個行動後產生的感受」。常寫為to one's + N 或 to the + N + of someone
例：They finally decided to get married, to the joy of their friends.
To our surprise, he won the first place in the contest.
(2) fulfill one's responsibility 達成職責；不負使命
fulfill one's obligation 履行義務
fulfill one's promise 履行諾言
例：I will fulfill my obligation to the best of my ability.
11. As we can see, common human experiences, with Frost's unique touch, are elevated to a level of profound meaning.（見第41行）
(1) touch n. [sing.]（做某事的）風格，手法
例：His unique skills gave the performance the special touch.
12. To this day, his poems continue to touch the hearts of readers everywhere.（見第43行）
(1) to this day 時至今日；到現在
例：To this day, I don't know exactly what happened to him.
(2) touch v.觸動，感動
touch one's heart 感動某人的心靈
例：The novel of Bridges of Madison County deeply touched me/touched my heart.
13. And sorry I could not travel both / And be one traveler, long I stood / And looked down one as far as I could / To where it bent in the undergrowth;（見第47行）
(1) long I stood = I stood there for a long time.
(2) look down something 沿著……往前看
14. Then took the other, as just as fair, / And having perhaps the better claim, / Because it was grassy and wanted wear;（見第51行）
(1) Then took the other = Then I took the other road. 「我又試選了另一條路。」
文法／句型
「區分兩個項目」的說法：one ... the other
「區分三個項目」的說法：one ... another ... the other
「區分四個項目」的說法： one ... another ... still another ... the other
例：Mrs. Wilson has two daughters. One is a teacher, and the other is a nurse.
My four best friends listen to different kinds of music. One likes pop songs, another likes classical music, still another loves folk music, and the other enjoys jazz.
(2) as (it was) just as fair = as this road was just as fair as the other one因這一條路也一樣美好
(3) having perhaps the better claim
= This road perhaps had a better claim than the first one.
claim n.主張；聲明擁有；有權要求
(4) wanted wear = lacked wear = was not much worn 缺乏磨損
例：The shoes showed signs of wear.
15. Though as for that, the passing there / Had worn them really about the same,（見第54行）
(1) as for 至於……
that 指前句grassy and wanted wear的狀況。
(2) passing n.（人跡的）經過
(3) really about the same = nearly the same 差不多
16. Oh, I kept the first for another day! / Yet knowing how way leads on to way, / I doubted if I should ever come back.（見第58行）
(1) doubt v.懷疑(認定事情不真的可能性較高)
例：I have no doubt that she will come.
= I believe that she will come.
17. I shall be telling this with a sigh / Somewhere ages and ages hence:（見第61行）
(1) with a sigh 帶著一聲嘆息
(2) hence在此意為from now今後
18. I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference.（見第64行）
(1) that has made all the difference 一次決定卻造成之後的重大影響
make some difference 有些差別；有些關係
make no/little difference 沒有差別；沒什麼兩樣
make a world of difference 有天壤之別
例：His effort made a world of difference to me.
19. Whose woods these are I think I know.（見第67行）
= I think I know whose woods these are.
(1) woods 樹林
20. His house is in the village though;（見第68行）
(1) though adv. 然而
21. He will not see me stopping here / To watch his woods fill up with snow.（見第69行）
(1) stop to V = stop and V 停下來而去做某事
stop V-ing 停止做某事
例：On his way home, he stopped to help an old lady cross the street.
Can you stop playing that violin? It's late.
22. My little horse must think it queer / To stop without a farmhouse near（見第71行）
(1) it指後面to stop without a farmhouse near，全句為My little horse must think it strange to stop at a place where no farmhouse is nearby.
23. Between the woods and frozen lake / The darkest evening of the year.（見第73行）
(1) frozen adj. 結冰的
VOCABULARY
I.Words for production
1. literature n. [U, C] 文學；文獻
literal adj. 照字面的；原意的
literate adj. 能讀寫的
illiterate adj. 不識字的；缺乏教育的
illiterate n. [C] 文盲
例：There is extensive literature on the subject.
A literal translation may not be close to the original meaning.
Only ten percent of the women on this island are literate.
The illiterate old man had difficulty writing his own name.
4. officially adv. 正式地；官方說法地
official residence 官邸
official statistics 官方統計數字
例：The singer was officially invited to perform at the prince's birthday party.
5. talented adj. 有天分的，有才華的
a talent contest/show 才藝競賽／才藝表演
a talent scout 星探，球探，體育探子
例：He used to be a talented baseball player, but an injury ended his career.
6. manhood 成人時期
likelihood 可能性
priesthood 神職，神職人員
sisterhood 姊妹身份；婦女運動團體
9. gain weight 增重
gain in sth. ……逐漸增加；愈來愈……
One man's loss is another man's gain. 從別人的損失中獲得好處。
例：As he grew older, he gained in confidence and charm.
12. trademark 商標
landmark 地標
birthmark 胎記
postmark 郵戳
13. present adj. 出席的；現在的n. [U] 現在；目前；[C] 禮物v. [T] 呈現
at present 目前；當今
up to the present 迄今；到目前為止
present sb. with sth. = present sth. to sb. 將（某物）呈給（某人）
例：Seeing so many people present, the boss was satisfied.
She is with her mother at present.
18. to face a dilemma (of ...) 面臨（……）兩難的局面
例：He's facing the dilemma of studying abroad or losing his girlfriend.
19. a sense of duty 責任感
on/off duty 值勤／下勤務（指護士、警察等需輪流值班的行業）
have a duty to V 有責任、義務（去做）……
例：Let's have a drink when you go off duty today.
Parents have a duty to take good care of their children.
20. irresponsible adj. 不負責任的
have a responsibility to/toward somebody 對（某人）有職責、義務
take responsibility for V-ing/N 為（某事）負責
sense of responsibility 責任感
例：It was irresponsible of the factory to allow the river to become so polluted.
I believe every individual in the team has a responsibility to the others.
Who will take responsibility for the mess now?
23. divergence n. [C, U] 分歧
divergent adj. 分歧的
diverge from 從……分出
例：There is a wide divergence of opinion on the issue.
The hunters lost track of the animal on divergent paths.
Human ancestors diverged from those of the chimpanzee between five and seven million years ago.
24. bend n. [C] 彎曲處
bendable adj. 可彎曲的
例：Many accidents have taken place at this sharp bend in the road.
Soft and bendable toys are most suitable for young children.
25. lay claim to something 聲稱擁有某物
have a claim on something 有資格擁有某物
claim damages 要求賠償損失
claim one's life 使（某人）喪命
例：The crisis arose when both countries laid claim to the island.
No matter what you are engaged in, your children have a claim on your time.
The tornado last week claimed sixteen lives.
26. wear something away 損耗；磨破
wear somebody down 使疲乏；使軟弱
wear off 消失
wear somebody out 使人累壞了
wear (something) out 損壞
例：The writing on the cover has almost (been) worn away.
The couple were apparently worn down by caring for their newborn baby.
The boy was bored with his new video game as soon as the novelty wore off.
You'll wear yourself out if you don't relax a bit.
Some parts in the machine have worn out and need to be replaced.
27. equal n. [C] 同等的人或物v. [T] 相等
equality n. [U] 平等
例：All men are created equal.
One meter equals one hundred centimeters.
The foundation is committed to racial equality.
28. tread carefully/warily/lightly/gently 謹慎地處理某事（以避免得罪任何人）
例：The government has to tread warily on sensitive racial issues.
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
1. honorary adj.（官階或學位）榮譽的
honor n. [U, C] 敬重；榮譽v. [T] 敬重
honorable adj. 高貴的；可敬重的
例：Let's fight for the honor of our country.
We are honored by your presence.
He is a man of many honorable deeds.
3. poet laureate 桂冠詩人
laureate n. [C] 接受無上榮耀封贈的人
a Nobel laureate 諾貝爾獎得主
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